Most SCOTUS judges seem inclined to require warrant for GPS tracking

"it must be unconstitutional if it's scary."

- Antonin Scalia, oral arguments, US v. Jones

(Updated/expanded 11/10) I've been reading the transcript (pdf) from yesterday's oral arguments at the US Supreme Court in US v. Jones regarding whether law enforcement needs a warrant to attach a GPS tracker to your car and continually gather location and other information. Others much more qualified than I have analyzed the debate, so see these folks for much meatier, more lawyerly analyses:

• Orin Kerr, Volokh Conspiracy: "Reflections on the Oral Argument in United States v. Jones, the GPS tracking case," and "The two questions of Jones, and the potential difficulty of finding the proper voting rule"
• Lyle Denniston, SCOTUSBlog: "Argument recap: For GPS, get a warrant"
• Warren Richey, Christian Science Monitor: "Is GPS tracking of suspects too Orwellian?"
• John Biskupic, USA Today: "High-court case on GPS surveillance could break new ground"
• Julia Angwin and Scott Thurm, Wall Street Journal, "Judges weigh phone tracking"
• Check out photos from someone who camped out overnight to hear the SCOTUS arguments.
• See various additional MSM coverage.

A few non-lawyerly things that jumped out at me:

First, there seemed to be wide agreement on the bench that GPS trackers on one's car should in most instances require a warrant, the only question being what exact rule should be enacted to limit the "plain view" exceptions that apply, say, with surveillance (electronic or physical) while driving along a public street. Orin Kerr was in the room and said he thought it was too close to call. Lyle Denniston, otoh, seemed to think most would go for a warrant requirement. My own prediction from afar, fwiw, Justice Scalia, Roberts and Alito will side with the liberal wing of the court to require a warrant under circumstances more prescriptive than this correspondent would prefer.

Second, Antonin Scalia seemed adamant that there was "unquestionably a trespass" involved in placing a tracker on a vehicle, which by definition makes it a "search," and most justices seemed to agree with him. Scalia seemed less convinced, though, as did the court, on whether the ongoing tracking function after the device had been placed constituted a "seizure."

A notable Scalia line: "you can say that there is a trespass for the purpose of obtaining information, which makes it a search. But I don't see how it's a seizure. A seizure, you have to bring something within your control. You have to stop the person or stop the vehicle. What has been seized when you -- when you slap a tracking device on a car?" I'm not completely sure how that distinction between search and seizure is practically important in this case, but it could be in the future. As I understand it, placing the device on the car may be a "trespass," hence a search, by Scalia's reasoning, but the ongoing broadcast of your location may not "seize" anything when your vehicle is in plain view from public vantage points). That said, it appears the search v. seizure issue need not be resolved, necessarily, to secure a court majority in this case.

Chief Justice John Roberts seemed (from the transcript) surprisingly, personally engaged on the subject, asking pointedly whether the state's advocate feels he is "entitled" to put a GPS tracker on the cars of the nine SCOTUS justices and "monitor ... our movements for a month." The attorney, Michael Dreeben, wouldn't immediately answer with a straight "yes" or "no," but Justice Roberts summarized his answer as "So your answer is yes, you could tomorrow decide that you put a GPS device on every one of our cars, follow us for a month; no problem under the Constitution." There were six different references during the questioning to George Orwell's novel 1984, including notably Justice Kennedy.

Justice Ginsburg asked what the difference between having a GPS attached to your car and living in London where virtually everywhere you go on the public streets you're under the watchful eye of CCTV? Good question. Counsel for Mr. Jones said he would find living in London under such circumstances "very scary," to which Scalia replied sarcastically, "it must be unconstitutional if it's scary."

Folowing up on the London surveillance theme, Justice Kennedy asked Jones attorney: "Suppose the police suspected someone of criminal activity and they had a computer capacity to take pictures of all the intersections that he drove through at different times of day, and they checked his movements and his routes for 5 days. Would that be lawful?" Mr. Leckar replied yes, under existing Supreme Court precedents, because there was no "physical intrusion" as in his client's case.

Justice Kagan at one point offered up a futuristic vision worthy of a Sci-Fi channel special, hypothesizing "a little robotic device following you around 24 hours a day anyplace you go that's not your home, reporting in all your movements to the police, to investigative authorities." She scoffed at "the notion that we don't think that our privacy interests would be violated by this robotic device," though that's a logical extension of the court's precedents on collecting evidence in so-called plain view.

Alito rightly observed that, because of past Fourth Amendment exceptions carved out by the court, it's pretty clear such comprehensive surveillance would be allowed, so the "heart" of this particular case is whether the state must trespass to place the GPS tracker. On that point, led by Scalia, the court seemed inclined to agree that that a trespass had occurred. Alito and Roberts' critical comments about the state's position made it seem to this writer like the majority will favor a warrant requirement for the search, perhaps disagreeing on to what extent there is a seizure.

Justice Breyer summed up the stakes well in this comment to the state's attorney: "if you win this case then there is nothing to prevent the police or the government from monitoring 24 hours a day the public movement of every citizen of the United States." Bingo.

I generally agree with Justices Alito and Scalia that this is a line that legislatures should be drawing, though that preference shouldn't be used an excuse for SCOTUS failing to update its jurisprudence to match modern, high-tech reality. Fourth Amendment jurisprudence in modern courts has become degraded and unreliable. To combat the decline of Americans' right to be free from "1984"-style surveillance, which seems to leap past minimalist, low-tech, police-friendly SCOTUS rulings at every turn, legislatures need to actively rebuild Fourth Amendment principles from the ground up in the so-called laboratory of the states. The courts can't or won't do it, so legislatures must. That said, as Jones' attorney Stephen Leckard said to the court, "In this particular case I could probably give you 535 reasons why not to go to Congress." Ain't that the truth?

Finally, I was taken by Scalia's argument that, while normally the right to privacy is considered an expansion of the Fourth Amendment, in this instance SCOTUS privacy rulings are being used to argue for weakening traditional warrant requirements: A shrewd observation. He declared: "it is one thing to add that privacy concept to the Fourth Amendment as it originally existed and it is quite something else to use that concept to narrow the Fourth Amendment from what it originally meant." Hear! Hear! You tell 'em, Tony!

The transcript (pdf) from the oral arguments is an fun read for anybody geeky enough to be interested in these subjects. Go here to see briefs and amici from both sides as well as prior rulings.

Story idea: I know Grits has quite a few MSM readers, so for those of you in the press reading this, a great way to localize this story between now and the court's ruling sometime next year would be to find out if your local PD or Sheriff uses GPS tracking, what are their departmental policies, how many such trackers do they have, interview judges on whether local practice requires warrants, etc.? I suspect the majority of Supreme Court justices will find that GPS tracking of this type requires a warrant, so a story now on current uses of the technology puts you in a position to follow up next year to find out how locals are changing their ways, if and when the Supreme Court limits the practice.

Related:

• Whether SCOTUS says GPS tracking is constitutional, markets may decide if it's viable
• Is the Fourth Amendment dead or just in a coma? Debating when to pull the plug

Whether SCOTUS says GPS tracking is constitutional, markets may decide if it's viable

Fourth Amendment fans and foes alike are awaiting oral arguments this fall in United States v. Jones, which will determine whether police require a warrant to surreptitiously put a GPS tracking device on your car.

Obviously, Grits thinks a warrant should be required, but frankly a warrant requirement isn't that great a barrier and the case made me wonder about technology to identify such devices. It turns out for $500 bucks you can purchase a device that will locate GPS trackers as well as wiretaps, wireless taps, and even hidden cameras. Ironically, with SCOTUS focused on the use of GPS trackers by the government, the manufacturer is promoting the device to protect against thieves:

Don't Give Thieves Access To Your Personal Information Or Possessions
Being spied on can be more than just embarrassing. Oftentimes, thieves use eavesdropping equipment or "bugs" such as sound amplifying devices for audio surveillance or hidden cameras for video surveillance to find out valuable information about your personal finances and possessions. Your private conversations can give thieves all the information they need to steal your identity, break into your home, or even abduct your children. Protect yourself with the Frequency Finder Bug Detector Pro.

As technology improves, I'd expect these device to become even cheaper. Certainly anyone engaged in serious criminal activity with a significant revenue stream can already afford one. But as sophisticated government surveillance methods are turned toward the general public, I wouldn't be surprised to see demand for such devices expand beyond the criminal class. Jason Trahan at the Dallas News recently had a story (Oct. 6, behind the paywall) about the expanded use of electronic tracking and surveillance by law enforcement, which opened:

Technology and security have collided in the decade after 9/11.

The result is an array of eavesdropping tactics, some of which have been used with great success in Dallas terrorism and corruption cases.

Vehicle trackers, wiretapping, cellphone GPS tracking are the updated versions of old-school, but still effective, tactics such as “sneak and peek” operations and simple covert surveillance.

“This stuff can be used to catch bad guys,” said Andrew Blumberg, a University of Texas math professor who studies technology and digital privacy issues.

“But the fact that you can do good things with it doesn’t outweigh the potential for abuse,” he said. “We need to have a national conversation about what’s acceptable,” he said.

That conversation got more complicated recently. This summer came the revelation that spy agencies, which generally do not need court warrants for their work, have also turned their attention stateside. Long prohibited from monitoring U.S. citizens, unless they were working with a foreign power or group, government organizations such as the National Security Agency may be using cellphone data to track more people’s movements here.

“There are certain circumstances where that authority may exist,” was the cryptic answer NSA general counsel Matthew Olsen gave the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in July during his confirmation hearing to head the National Counterterrorism Center.

Olsen was asked to elaborate, but the details are classified. The exchange has stoked the debate on how far the government can go in watching, listening to and monitoring the activities of its bosses: the American people.

It's little wonder, then, that the manufacturers of the device mentioned above are actually suggesting a business model for people to make money with their product:

Make Up To $900 In 3 Hours Debugging Homes Or Businesses Of Eavesdropping Devices & Hidden Cameras
For every "Bug," "Telephone Tap," "Spy-Cam" and "GPS Tracking Device" that is sold, there are 20 - 30 people out there that are afraid that they are being secretly watched and/or listened to. If you've ever thought about entering one of the most interesting, exciting and extremely lucrative businesses around today, look no further. The Counter Surveillance industry is exploding with opportunity. The universal desire to escape this surreptitious Eavesdropping has now created a fantastic opportunity for individuals and firms that can once again restore this rapidly vanishing privacy. And now you can do it all with this tiny pocket sized device.

I think they're right that the diminishing arena of personal privacy, particularly in public spaces, over time will create greater demand for "counter-surveillance" devices and services. I could even see auto manufacturers advertising devices that identify GPS trackers as an add-on feature in new vehicles for buyers who place a premium on their personal privacy. If one actually thinks your conversations, location or personal information are valuable enough for someone to engage in electronic surveillance, $500 is a relative bargain to prevent it. Indeed, as government and private-sector use of surveillance technology grows, and as this kind of counter-surveillance technology becomes more common and less expensive, I can see the day coming when these types of devices are as common as burglar alarms or other such security devices.

The Supreme Court will decide soon whether GPS tracking without a warrant is constitutional. But in the end, it may be the market that decides whether the tactic is viable.